Removal of Heavy Metal: Activated Carbon, Metal-organic Frameworks Adsorbents Chemical Precipitation, Ultrasonic Removal of Heavy Metals and another Conventional Technology
Abstract
It is crucial to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater in order to maintain a clean environment and protect human health. There were a variety of approaches detailed for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater. Some possible categories for these approaches are those based on adsorption, membranes, chemicals, electricity, and photocatalysis. It has been noted that the majority of the recent research has been on adsorption methods. The capacity to simultaneously remove many ion types, a long retention duration, and cycling stability of adsorbents are the main challenges of the adsorption processes. While both chemical and membrane approaches have their uses, there are significant challenges with chemical procedures, including as the creation of enormous volumes of sludge and the necessity for post-treatment processes. A further improvement in membrane separation could be achieved by inhibiting fouling and scaling. Additional expenses, however, are associated with pre-treatment and frequent membrane cleaning. Although electrical-based approaches were also found to be efficient, addressing the problem of large-volume sludge formation and achieving separation on an industrial scale are also necessary. Currently, technologies that rely on electricity or photocatalysis are not as developed. Research on heavy metals removal should prioritise the use of actual wastewaters over synthetic ones. Sustainable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly materials and processes should be the centre of future study.
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