Chronic Kidney diseases: Role of Vitamin-K and Vitamin-D
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is the most common form of kidney disease and high blood pressure is the most common cause the pressure on the glomeruli increases due to high blood pressure which can prove to be very dangerous. Lack in VITAMIN D isn't restricted to the dynamic chemical, calcitriol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) is likewise insufficient in many patients with constant kidney sickness (CKD), free of their fundamental renal capacity. Diminishes in calcitriol happen generally right off the bat in the movement of kidney illness and may originate before the increment in PTH. These progressions in calcitriol and PTH add to the upkeep of moderately ordinary serum and calcium fixations until the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) diminishes to <20–25%; nonetheless, the outcome is the potential advancement of bone and vascular sickness. Vitamin K intake and long-term vitamin K status are expressed by a high percentage of undercarboxylated OC (uOC). Vitamin D, which is needed for uOC development, and parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is often elevated in patients with CKD, are also affected by osteocalcin levels. Therefore, elevated serum uOC is present in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with hyperparathyroidism, but this does not generally mean that they are deficient in vitamin K.
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24. Dowd P, Ham SW, Naganathan S, Hershline R. The mechanism of action of vitamin K. Annual review of nutrition. 1995 Jul;15(1):419-40.
25. Suttie JW, Nelsestuen GL. Mechanism Of Action Of Vitamin K: Synthesis Of Y-Carboxyglutamic Aci. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry. 1980 Jan 1;8(2):191-223.
26. Uotila L. The metabolic functions and mechanism of action of vitamin K. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1990 Jan 1;50(sup201):109-17.
27. Uotila L. Vitamin K: Metabolic functions, mechanism of action, and human requirements. InPrinciples of Medical Biology 1997 Jan 1 (Vol. 8, pp. 965-984). Elsevier.
28. Rishavy MA, Berkner KL. Vitamin K oxygenation, glutamate carboxylation, and processivity: defining the three critical facets of catalysis by the vitamin K–dependent carboxylase. Advances in nutrition. 2012 Mar;3(2):135-48.
29. Nelsestuen GL, Suttie JW. Mode of action of vitamin K. Calcium binding properties of bovine prothrombin. Biochemistry. 1972 Dec 1;11(26):4961-4.
30. Vermeer C, Jie KS, Knapen MH. Role of vitamin K in bone metabolism. Annual review of nutrition. 1995 Jul;15(1):1-21.
31. Wallin R, Schurgers L, Wajih N. Effects of the blood coagulation vitamin K as an inhibitor of arterial calcification. Thrombosis research. 2008 Jan 1;122(3):411-7.
32. Van Ballegooijen AJ, Beulens JW. The role of vitamin K status in cardiovascular health: evidence from observational and clinical studies. Current nutrition reports. 2017 Sep;6(3):197-205.
33. Fraser SD, Blakeman T. Chronic kidney disease: identification and management in primary care. Pragmatic and observational research. 2016;7:21.
34. Cozzolino M, Mangano M, Galassi A, Ciceri P, Messa P, Nigwekar S. Vitamin K in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2019 Jan;11(1):168.
35. Krueger T., Westenfeld R., Schurgers L., Brandenburg V. Coagulation meets calcification: The vitamin K system. Int. J. Artif. Organs. 2009;32:67. Doi: 10.1177/039139880903200202.
36. Fusaro et al. Calcimimetic and vitamin D analog use in hemodialyzed patient is associated with increased levels of vitamin k dependent proteins. Endocrine. 2016;51:333-341. Doi: 10.1007/s12020-015-0673-z.
37. Geleijnse J.M. et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: The Rotterdam study.J. Nutr. 2004;134:3100-3105. Doi: 10.1093/jn/134.11.3100.
38. Drew DA, Weiner DE, Sarnak MJ. Cognitive Impairment in CKD: Pathophysiology, Management, and Prevention. Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2019;74(6):782–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.05.017
39. Koncicki HM, Unruh M, Schell JO. Pain Management in CKD: A Guide for Nephrology Providers. Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017;69(3):451–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.08.039
40. Vargas-Santos AB, Neogi T. Management of Gout and Hyperuricemia in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017;70(3):422–39. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.01.055
2. Gal‐Moscovici A, Sprague SM. Role of vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2007 Dec;22(S2):V91-4.
3. Fusaro M, Gallieni M, Rizzo MA, Stucchi A, Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Moysés RM, Jorgetti V, Iervasi G, Giannini S, Fabris F. Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). 2017 Jun 1;55(6):789-99.
4. Fusaro M, Crepaldi G, Maggi S, Galli F, D’Angelo A, Calò L, Giannini S, Miozzo D, Gallieni M. Vitamin K, bone fractures, and vascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease: an important but poorly studied relationship. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2011 Apr;34(4):317-23.
5. Fraser SD, Blakeman T. Chronic kidney disease: identification and management in primary care. Pragmatic and observational research. 2016;7:21.
6. Hateboer N, v Dijk MA, Bogdanova N, Coto E, Saggar-Malik AK, San Millan JL, Torra R, Breuning M, Ravine D, European PKD1-PKD2 Study Group. Comparison of phenotypes of polycystic kidney disease types 1 and 2. The Lancet. 1999 Jan 9;353(9147):103-7.
7. Cozzolino M, Mangano M, Galassi A, Ciceri P, Messa P, Nigwekar S. Vitamin K in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2019 Jan;11(1):168.
8. Shea MK, Booth SL. Vitamin K, vascular calcification, and chronic kidney disease: current evidence and unanswered questions. Current developments in nutrition. 2019 Sep;3(9):nzz077.
9. Booth SL, Suttie JW. Dietary intake and adequacy of vitamin K. The Journal of nutrition. 1998 May 1;128(5):785-8.
10. Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C. Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones in food. Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2000;30(6):298-307.
11. Beulens JW, Booth SL, van den Heuvel EG, Stoecklin E, Baka A, Vermeer C. The role of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in human health. British Journal of Nutrition. 2013 Oct;110(8):1357-68.
12. Bunyaratavej N. The intriguing correlation between undercarboxylated osteocalcin and vitamin D. J Med Assoc Thai. 2015;98(8):S16-20.
13. Boxma PY, van den Berg E, Geleijnse JM, Laverman GD, Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C, Kema IP, Muskiet FA, Navis G, Bakker SJ, de Borst MH. Vitamin k intake and plasma desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein levels in kidney transplant recipients. PloS one. 2012 Oct 31;7(10):e47991.
14. Cranenburg EC, Schurgers LJ, Uiterwijk HH, Beulens JW, Dalmeijer GW, Westerhuis R, Magdeleyns EJ, Herfs M, Vermeer C, Laverman GD. Vitamin K intake and status are low in hemodialysis patients. Kidney international. 2012 Sep 1;82(5):605-10.
15. Cozzolino M, Mangano M, Galassi A, Ciceri P, Messa P, Nigwekar S. Vitamin K in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2019 Jan;11(1):168.
16. Silva PJ, Ramos MJ. Reaction mechanism of the vitamin K-dependent glutamate carboxylase: a computational study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2007 Nov 8;111(44):12883-7.
17. Elliott MJ, Booth SL, Hopman WM, Holden RM. Assessment of potential biomarkers of subclinical vitamin K deficiency in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Canadian journal of kidney health and disease. 2014 Dec;1(1):1-8.
18. Caluwé R, Verbeke F, De Vriese AS. Evaluation of vitamin K status and rationale for vitamin K supplementation in dialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2020 Jan 1;35(1):23-33.
19. Thijssen HH, Drittij-Reijnders MJ. Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues: dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone-4. British Journal of nutrition. 1994 Sep;72(3):415-25.
20. Booth SL, Pennington JA, Sadowski JA. Dihydro‐vitamin K1: Primary food sources and estimated dietary intakes in the American diet. Lipids. 1996 Jul;31(7):715-20.
21. Theuwissen E, Magdeleyns EJ, Braam LA, Teunissen KJ, Knapen MH, Binnekamp IA, van Summeren MJ, Vermeer C. Vitamin K status in healthy volunteers. Food & function. 2014;5(2):229-34.
22. Fusaro M, Gallieni M, Noale M, Tripepi G, Miozzo D, Plebani M, Zaninotto M, Guglielmi G, Miotto D, Fabris F, Piccoli A. The relationship between the Spine Deformity Index, biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and vascular calcifications: results from the Epidemiological VERtebral FRACtures iTalian Study (EVERFRACT) in dialysis patients. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). 2014 Nov 19;52(11):1595-603.
23. de Oliveira RB, Stinghen AE, Massy ZA. Vitamin K role in mineral and bone disorder of chronic kidney disease. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2020 Mar 1;502:66-72.
24. Dowd P, Ham SW, Naganathan S, Hershline R. The mechanism of action of vitamin K. Annual review of nutrition. 1995 Jul;15(1):419-40.
25. Suttie JW, Nelsestuen GL. Mechanism Of Action Of Vitamin K: Synthesis Of Y-Carboxyglutamic Aci. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry. 1980 Jan 1;8(2):191-223.
26. Uotila L. The metabolic functions and mechanism of action of vitamin K. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1990 Jan 1;50(sup201):109-17.
27. Uotila L. Vitamin K: Metabolic functions, mechanism of action, and human requirements. InPrinciples of Medical Biology 1997 Jan 1 (Vol. 8, pp. 965-984). Elsevier.
28. Rishavy MA, Berkner KL. Vitamin K oxygenation, glutamate carboxylation, and processivity: defining the three critical facets of catalysis by the vitamin K–dependent carboxylase. Advances in nutrition. 2012 Mar;3(2):135-48.
29. Nelsestuen GL, Suttie JW. Mode of action of vitamin K. Calcium binding properties of bovine prothrombin. Biochemistry. 1972 Dec 1;11(26):4961-4.
30. Vermeer C, Jie KS, Knapen MH. Role of vitamin K in bone metabolism. Annual review of nutrition. 1995 Jul;15(1):1-21.
31. Wallin R, Schurgers L, Wajih N. Effects of the blood coagulation vitamin K as an inhibitor of arterial calcification. Thrombosis research. 2008 Jan 1;122(3):411-7.
32. Van Ballegooijen AJ, Beulens JW. The role of vitamin K status in cardiovascular health: evidence from observational and clinical studies. Current nutrition reports. 2017 Sep;6(3):197-205.
33. Fraser SD, Blakeman T. Chronic kidney disease: identification and management in primary care. Pragmatic and observational research. 2016;7:21.
34. Cozzolino M, Mangano M, Galassi A, Ciceri P, Messa P, Nigwekar S. Vitamin K in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2019 Jan;11(1):168.
35. Krueger T., Westenfeld R., Schurgers L., Brandenburg V. Coagulation meets calcification: The vitamin K system. Int. J. Artif. Organs. 2009;32:67. Doi: 10.1177/039139880903200202.
36. Fusaro et al. Calcimimetic and vitamin D analog use in hemodialyzed patient is associated with increased levels of vitamin k dependent proteins. Endocrine. 2016;51:333-341. Doi: 10.1007/s12020-015-0673-z.
37. Geleijnse J.M. et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: The Rotterdam study.J. Nutr. 2004;134:3100-3105. Doi: 10.1093/jn/134.11.3100.
38. Drew DA, Weiner DE, Sarnak MJ. Cognitive Impairment in CKD: Pathophysiology, Management, and Prevention. Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2019;74(6):782–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.05.017
39. Koncicki HM, Unruh M, Schell JO. Pain Management in CKD: A Guide for Nephrology Providers. Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017;69(3):451–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.08.039
40. Vargas-Santos AB, Neogi T. Management of Gout and Hyperuricemia in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017;70(3):422–39. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.01.055
Authors
Varapete, V. K., B N, R. ., S Shaji, J. ., Mulla, Y., P Jose, J., Dominic, A., Paul, P., & Ghosh, S. . (2021). Chronic Kidney diseases: Role of Vitamin-K and Vitamin-D. Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion, 4(03), 852−866. https://doi.org/10.15520/jcmro.v4i03.401
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