Using Nanotechnology in Kidney Treatment
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a group of inflammatory diseases characterized by glomerular injury and lesions. The causes of GN are relatively complex, and the pathogenesis is not yet clear. It may be caused by autoimmune dysfunction or may be related to multiple factors, such as genetics, infection, drugs, viruses, and the environment. GN can be divided into primary and secondary GN in terms of etiology . Common pathological types of primary GN include acute GN, crescentic GN, membranous GN, membranoproliferative GN, mesangial proliferative GN, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSG), minimal change GN, IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and chronic GN. The most common types of secondary GN include diabetic nephropathy (DN) and lupus nephritis (LN). The symptoms of GN vary widely. Many patients have no special symptoms in the early stage. Some patients present with nephritic syndrome (hematuria, proteinuria, edema and hypertension), and some patients show nephrotic syndrome (hyperlipidemia, severe edema, heavy proteinuria and hypoproteinemia). Even patients with the same pathological characteristics may exhibit varying degrees of proteinuria However, some typical clinical manifestations can correspond to specific GN. After 1–4 weeks of streptococcal infection, patients with symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and hematuria can be diagnosed with acute GN. Recurrent episodic microscopic or macroscopic hematuria is a landmark clinical feature of IgAN, which is the most common primary GN in the world .
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